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	<title>incrementalism &#8211; Just Muddling Through</title>
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		<title>Part 3 &#8211; Policy-making, Pragmatism and the role of the Civil Servant</title>
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					<comments>http://justmuddlingthrough.com/policy-making-pragmatism-and-the-role-of-the-civil-servant/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[franklitton]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 17 Sep 2012 15:23:47 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[The Public Sector]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[audience democracy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Contingency Theory]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Garbage Can]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Herbert Simon]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[incrementalism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Lindblom]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Machine Bureaucracy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[policy]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pragmatism]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[Why are policies so often poorly constructed and badly implemented? An increasingly popular answer points the finger at politicians and civil servants. Full-time politicians, and today most politicians are full-time, run errands for their constituents, stopping from time to time to gibe at their opponents. As a result, the few who make it to ministerial rank have had scant opportunity to acquire the knowledge or develop the judgement to oversee and advance a department’s policies. The civil servants have little incentive to develop the competencies in policy-making and management that they cannot deploy in conversations with their ministers. What use is a servant who cannot be understood?]]></description>
		
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